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Niebla laminaria
''Niebla laminaria'' is a fruticose lichen that grows on rocks along the Pacific Coast of North America within the California Floristic Province, from Marin County, California south to Misión San Vicente Ferrer in Baja California, and in the Channel Islands.〔Spjut, R. W. 1996. ''Niebla'' and ''Vermilacinia'' (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Sida Bot. Misc. 14〕 The epithet, ''laminaria'' is in reference to the thallus divided into blade-like branches similar to a genus of brown algae, ''Laminaria''.
==Distinguishing Features==
''Niebla laminaria'' is distinguished by the thallus divided into relatively few (10 or less) subterete branches with a common attachment base (or holdfast) and with various short marginal lobes or spine-like branchlets, to 7 cm high and 4 cm across.〔 The species (''N. laminaria'') is also recognized by containing divaricatic acid, with triterpenes, and by a relatively thick cortex, 80–200 µm thick covering a solid medulla, the cortex pale olive green to dark green, turning brown in the herbarium.〔
''Niebla laminaria'' appears to intergrade with ''Niebla testudinaria'' in the northern geographical range of the species, ''Niebla eburnea'' in the mid range, and ''Niebla juncosa'' var. ''spinulifera'' in the southern range. This variation might also be seen as variants of the other species, except that specimens from Punta Banda and San Nicolas Island are remarkably similar in their morphology and in their secondary metabolites.〔World Botanical Associates, ''Niebla laminaria'', retrieved 26 Dec 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/niebla_laminaria.htm#laminaria〕 This close morphological and chemical similarity between widely geographically separated individuals reinforces the recognition of ''N. laminaria'' as a distinct species as further exemplified in a genetic study of another fog lichen, ''Dendrographa leucophaea'' where thalli of ''D. leucophaea'' at Punta Banda and on San Nicolas Island, separated by water for a distance of 190 miles (Google Earth ruler), were found to be more genetically similar than to sterile and fertile forms of the same species growing next to each other.〔Lohtander, K., L. Myllys, R. Sundin, M. Kllersj, and A. Tehler. 1998. The species pair concept in the lichen ''Dendrographa leucophaea'' (Arthoniales): Analyses based on ITS Sequences. Bryologist 101: 404–411.〕 which they may be regarded cryptic species of a species pair.〔 The morphological differences between ''N. laminaria'' and other related species in the genus ''Niebla'', are evident; however, instead of sterile and fertile species as reported for ''D. leucophaea'', sibling species may be recognized by the secondary lichen substances.〔Culberson, W. L. 1986. Chemistry and sibling speciation in the lichen-forming fungi: Ecological and biological considerations. The Bryologist 89:123-131〕〔''Niebla'' and ''Vermilacinia'' of Baja California, World Botanical Associates, retrieved 26 Dec 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/lichens.htm〕 For example, ''Niebla cornea'' in southern California may be viewed by some as a sekikaic acid race of ''N. laminaria'', or as a separate undescribed species, or under a very broad interpretation of a species (''Niebla homalea'') in which the variation in morphology is viewed as being environmentally induced and in chemistry as chemosyndrome variation.〔Bowler, P. and J. Marsh. 2004. ''Niebla''. ‘Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert 2’: 368–380.〕 ''Niebla laminaria'' as described above is defined by its morphology and by its secondary metaboliates with emphasis placed on secondary metabolites, not an uncommon practice in taxonomic treatments of other lichen genera;〔Kalb, K. and J. A. Elix. 1995. The lichen genus ''Physcidio''. In: Studies in lichenology with emphasis on chemotaxonomy, geography and phytochemistry Festschrift Ch. Leuckert Eds: Knoph, J.-G., Schriifer, K. & Sipman, H. J. M. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 57:265 -296. J. Cramer in der Gebriider Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgd〕 ''Niebla cornea'' (sekikaic acid) and ''N. laminaria'' (divaricatic acid) are best distinguished by their lichen substances when they cannot be easily differentiated morphologically.〔
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